细胞技术

The mammalian (or mechanistic) target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an evolutionarily conserved serine-threonine kinase that is known to sense the environmental and cellular nutrition and energy status. Diverse mitogens, growth factors, and nutrients stimulate the activation of the two m ...

RNA interference (RNAi) is an intracellular mechanism for silencing gene expression utilizing short fragments of double-strand RNA that are complementary to the target messenger RNA. This gene silencing technique has now become an invaluable research tool due to its specific and str ...

Th1 immunity protects against tuberculosis infection in mice and humans. The widely used BCG vaccine primes CD4 and CD8 T cells through signaling mechanisms from dendritic cells and macrophages. The latter express MHC-II and MHC-I molecules through which peptides from BCG vaccine are pre ...

CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ T regulatory (Treg) cells are pivotal for the induction and maintenance of peripheral tolerance in both mice and humans. The possibility to use Treg cells for the treatment of T-cell-mediated diseases has recently gained increasing momentum. However, given the limited a ...

The mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) kinase functions within two structurally and functionally distinct multiprotein complexes termed mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2. The immunosuppressant and anticancer drug rapamycin is commonly used in basic research as a tool to study m ...

Preclinical evaluation of candidate anticancer compounds requires appropriate animal models. Most commonly, solid tumor xenograft systems are employed in which immunocompromised mice are implanted with human cancer cell lines. Genetically engineered mouse models of sol ...

Autophagy is a catabolic pathway that degrades bulk cytosol in lysosomal compartments enabling amino acids and fatty acids to be recycled. One of the key regulators of autophagy is the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a conserved serine/threonine kinase which suppresses the initia ...

Target of rapamycin (TOR) regulates the growth of cells and organisms. Numerous growth-promoting and growth-arresting pathways converge on TOR; TOR acts as an important hub, balancing the pro- and anti-growth signals within a cell. Since it regulates growth at the cellular level, cell size can ...

mTOR is a key regulator of cell growth and size, and its activity is often dysregulated in a wide variety of diseases. The mTOR signaling pathway is also a therapeutic target for many diseases, including cancer. Immunohistochemistry is a powerful method to assess mTOR activity in clinical/hist ...

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a giant protein kinase that controls cell proliferation, growth, and metabolism. mTOR is regulated by nutrient availability, by mitogens, and by stress, and operates through two independently regulated hetero-oligomeric complexes. We have a ...

mTOR, the mammalian target of rapamycin, regulates protein synthesis (mRNA translation) by affecting the phosphorylation or activity of several translation factors. Here, we describe methods for studying the impact of mTOR signalling on protein synthesis, using inhibitors of mTOR ...

Specific and sensitive cellular markers are necessary for the detection and quantitative analysis of apoptosis. Identification of apoptotic cells by specific markers in histological sections is especially important for heterogenous cell populations, such as occurs in normal ...

The presence of DNA strand breaks resulting from the cleavage of nuclear DNA by the apoptosis-associated endonuclease(s) is one of the most characteristic features of apoptotic cells (1,2). A widely used methodology to detect apoptotic cells thus relies on labeling DNA strand breaks in situ e ...

A characteristic feature of apoptosis is activation of an endonuclease(s), which has preference for internucleosomal DNA (reviewed in 1–5). As a result, the products of DNA cleavage during apoptosis are discontinuous DNA sections of mono- and oligonucleosome size, which generate a typi ...

p53 protein is a key regulatory component of a stress-inducible cell-cycle checkpoint pathway in mammalian cells, which can promote either cell-growth arrest or apoptosis, depending on the type of cell and damaging agent utilized. Environmental insults that can activate the p53 pathway ...

The use of ionizing radiation as a therapeutic agent has been recognized for almost a century, and continues to be widely used for the treatment and palliation of many human cancers. Ionizing radiation can also be mutagenic or lethal to individual cells, thus a critical balance must be achieved when ...

It has been a decade since proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was found to be essential for DNA replication as an auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase δ (1,2; reviewed in 3,4). There is compelling evidence that a homotrimer of PCNA forms a toroidal clamp around duplex DNA (5–7), an association cat ...

The genotoxic consequences of DNA damage in living organisms include short-term genetic instability and programmed cell death, as well as long-term inheritance of mutations and somatically acquired cancer. To respond to such constant genotoxic insults, living creatures from vir ...

Inhibition of DNA replication in eukaryotic cells was one of the earliest effects of radiation to be reported and quantitated. The elucidation of the mechanism of this inhibition has been the focus of research in several laboratories for four decades. A significant development in recent yea ...

In mammalian cells, the rate of DNA synthesis decreases after X-ray exposure. The dose-response curve indicates a biphasic kinetics of inhibition (see Fig. 1). The initial, steep component of the curve represents inhibition of initiation of new replicons, whereas the shallow component is a m ...