细胞技术

Oligodendrocytes are a type of glial cells that play a critical role in supporting the central nervous system (CNS), in particular insulating axons within the CNS by wrapping them with a myelin sheath, thereby enabling saltatory conduction. They are lost, and myelin damaged – demyelination – in a ...

It is now clear that the adult central nervous system contains a population of neural stem and progenitor cells which act as a reservoir to underpin cell genesis for the lifetime of the animal. Unfortunately, understanding how these cells are activated both under normal conditions and followi ...

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an evolutionarily conserved kinase that integrates signals from nutrients and growth factors for the coordinate regulation of many cellular processes, including proliferation and cell death. Constitutive mTOR signaling characteri ...

Subcellular localization constitutes the environment in which proteins act. It tightly controls access to and availability of different types of molecular interacting partners and is therefore a major determinant of protein function and regulation. Originally thought to be a mere ...

This chapter presents an overview of the methods that have been used to overexpress or downregulate the level of mTOR isoforms in mammalian cells. The techniques of transient overexpression, generation of stable cell lines, retroviral- and lentiviral-mediated overexpression or do ...

The mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) is a protein kinase complex involved in many important physiological processes through the regulation of its substrates, such as Akt, SGK1, and conventional PKC. Its activity is modulated negatively by interaction with DEPTOR and positively by the TSC1–TSC2 pro ...

The mammalian Target Of Rapamycin (mTOR) protein is a central component of the essential and highly conserved signaling pathway that emerged as a critical effector in regulation of cell physiology. Biochemical studies defined mTOR as the protein kinase that exists at least in two distinct c ...

The adaptive response to hypoxia, low oxygen tension, involves inhibition of energy-intensive cellular processes including protein translation. This effect is mediated in part through a decrease in the kinase activity of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a master reg ...

mTOR, an evolutionarily conserved Ser/Thr protein kinase, belongs to the PI3K-related kinase family, which also includes DNA-PKcs, ATM, and ATR. Although other PI3K-related kinase family members have been shown to secure genomic integrity by sensing DNA damage and related stresses, mT ...

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is the catalytic subunit of two multiprotein complexes, mTOR complex-1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex-2 (mTORC2). Clinically used rapamycin and rapalogs are FKBP12-dependent allosteric inhibitors of mTORC1. The recently discovered WYE-1251 ...

The mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated signaling transduction pathway has been observed to be deregulated in a wide variety of cancer and metabolic diseases. Despite extensive clinical development efforts, the well-known allosteric mTOR inhibitor rapamycin and st ...

The potent immunosuppressive action of rapamycin has been described in many different mouse models of transplantation. In these models, rapamycin prevent or delay allograft rejection. In several models, rapamycin allowed mixed donor–recipient hematopoietic chimerism to de ...

Obesity is reaching pandemic proportions in Western society. It has resulted in increasing health care burden and decreasing life expectancy. Obesity is a complex, chronic disease, involving decades of pathophysiological changes and adaptation. Therefore, it is difficult ascer ...

Tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (TSC1) is a tumor suppressor that associates with TSC2 to inactivate Rheb, thereby inhibiting signaling by the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1). mTORC1 stimulates cell growth by promoting anabolic cellular processes, such as transl ...

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disease caused by mutations in either of two genes, TSC1 or TSC2, whose protein products form a complex that is essential in the regulation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity. TSC is characterized by the presence of benign t ...

Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a genetic disease involving dysregulation of the mTOR pathway and resulting in disabling neurological manifestations, such as epilepsy. Animal models may recapitulate epilepsy and other behavioral features of TSC and are useful tools for inves ...

We described a protocol for dissecting the function of an important serine/threonine protein kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), in regulating the long-term undifferentiated growth of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). The function of mTOR in hESCs was inactivated with a hi ...

Amplification of the gene encoding the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) occurs commonly in glioblastoma (GBM), leading to activation of downstream kinases, including phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase (PI3K), Akt, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). A serine-threon ...

Extensive efforts are underway to develop small-molecule inhibitors of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase. It is hoped that these inhibitors will have widespread clinical impact in oncology because mTOR is a major downstream effector of PI3K signaling, one of the most freque ...

The mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) defines a crucial link between nutrient sensing and immune function. In CD4+ T cells, mTOR has been shown to play a critical role in regulating effector and regulatory T cell differentiation as well as the decision between full activation versus the induc ...