细胞技术

Telomeres are repeating sequences located at each end of eukaryotic chromosomes. These sequences function to protect chromosome positioning and replication (1–3). In vertebrates, telomere DNA consists of tandem repeats of TTAGGG, 10–15 kb pairs long (4). In most normal cells, DNA replic ...

Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) allows a genome-wide survey of the relative copy number of tumor DNA in a single hybridization. The tumor-cell DNA (Test DNA) is hybridized together with a sex-matched normal DNA (Reference DNA) onto normal metaphase spreads. Test DNA and Reference D ...

The unambiguous identification of human chromosomes became possible with the discovery and implementation of G-banding techniques (1). Almost immediately, investigators developed various methods to physically map specific DNA sequences to banded chromosomes. A commonly ...

Apoptosis is a selective process of programmed cell death that plays an important role in both physiologic and malignant states. In neoplastic disease, the rate at which a tumor grows depends on cell deletion as well as cell proliferation. It has been shown in several types of tumors that more aggres ...

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of 16 enzymes that are capable of degrading extracellular matrix components. Their catalytic function is dependent on a zinc ion in the active center. MMPs are separated in three groups: gelatinases (type IV-collagenases), stromelysins, and ...

Allelic loss of human chromosome sequences contributes to tumorigenesis through the inactivation of putative tumor-suppressor genes. The Knudson hypothesis proposes that deletion or mutation must affect both alleles of the gene in order to disable tumor suppression (1). As might be e ...

A human renal cancer was first established in continuous culture in 1962. Currently, there are well over 100 different characterized renal cancer cell lines derived from both primary and metastatic renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) (1–3). The biological phenotype of cultured renal cancer cel ...

Experimental animal models are available for the development of new treatment. Murine animal models have particular advantages for comparative study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of different treatment modalities because many mice can be treated at the same time with easy handl ...

Angiogenesis—the formation of a vascular network—is essential for the support of a developing tumor when simple diffusion of nutrients is impossible. The ability of a solid tumor to achieve metabolic needs beyond simple diffusion is dependent on the development of this neovascular net ...

Angiogenesis—the formation of new blood vessels from preexisting ones—is a complex process regulated by a number of soluble factors as well as important interactions between endothelial cells, extracellular matrix components, and adjacent cells (1–5). Activation of the endothe ...

Treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has historically involved surgical removal of the primary tumor when localized, but when presented with metastatic disease the options have been limited. Approximately 30% of patients present with metastatic disease implicating a generally ...

Innovations for the development of cancer vaccines are emerging from advances in molecular immunology and cancer biology (1). Of these, DNA-based vaccination has become a powerful and potentially versatile method for eliciting an immune response against cancer. One method for DNA imm ...

Originally, the term “antibody” referred to an unknown entity in serum, which had the capacity to neutralize pathogenic bacteria. Ehrlich discovered that the socalled antibody had to be a discrete substance, and was the first to propose a theory on antibody formation (1). A few years later, he hypot ...

In recent years, the incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has increased dramatically (54% from 1975 to 1990), and in 1996, approx 30,000 new cases were diagnosed in the United States (1). In the same year, an estimated 12,000 RCC-related deaths occurred in the United States. The increased incidence of ...

It has been known for over 50 years that the amount of nuclear chromatin (DNA) in malignant neoplasms differs from that of homologous normal cells (1). More recently, it has been shown that nuclear DNA content correlates with the clinical outcome of various human neoplasms including urologic mal ...

Tobacco smoke and alcohol are major risk factors for a variety of cancer sites, including those of the gastrointestinal tract. Tobacco smoke contains a great number of mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds, including polycyclic carbohydrates, nitrosamines, and nicotine, while eth ...

Energy intake, physical activity, and obesity are modifiable lifestyle factors. This chapter reviews and summarizes the epidemiologic evidence on the relation of energy intake, physical activity, and obesity to cancer. High energy intake may increase the risk of cancers of colon —rect ...

Cancer of the breast is a significant health problem for women from the time of diagnosis through the treatment and survivorship trajectory. The disease and treatments are an assault to a woman's body, resulting in sequelae that can be debilitating. Although women diagnosed with breast cancer ...

Exposure to metallic compounds is ubiquitous, with its widespread use in industry and its presence, mostly in trace amounts, in the environment. This paper reviews the epidemiologic evidence of the relation between lung cancer and exposure to metallic compounds by building on and updating ...

Childhood leukemia is the most common cancer among children, representing 31% of all cancer cases occurring in children younger than the age of 15 years in the USA. There are only few known risk factors of childhood leukemia (sex, age, race, exposure to ionizing radiation, and certain congenital di ...