细胞技术

Diagnosis of childhood malignancies, in particular solid tumors, is an enterprise that can be laden with a variety of uncertainties, inconsistencies, and morphologic subtlety, primarily caused by their tendency to recapitulate early organogenesis This dilemma 1s manifested by t ...

Ferritin is a cellular-storage protein with the main function of sequestering excess ferric iron and thus preventing high concentrations of soluble iron from becoming toxic to the cells. Dividing cells, both normal and neoplastic, have been shown to increase transferrm receptors in res ...

In Chapter 10 of thts volume and in prior publications (1,2), the matertals and methods used in immunohtstochemical techniques are described, and factors that affect the immunohistochemtcal detection of biomarker expression are discussed In this chapter, our semtquantbiattve me ...

The in vitro cultivation of cells and tissues forms an integral part of the work of every diagnostic cytogenetics laboratory, since it is from cells undergoing mitosis that metaphase chromosome preparations are obtained. Spontaneously dividing cells suitable for direct chromosome ...

Each chromosome in the somatic-cell complement can be uniquely identified by following a number of different banding procedures. The banding patterns are highly characteristic. The International System for Cytogenetic Nomenclature (ISCN) provides schematic representat ...

Development of the technique of in situ hybridization (ISH) propelled the merger of the fields of molecular genetics and cytogenetics. Refinement of the technique through the use of fluorescence (FISH) produced a remarkably powerful research and diagnostic tool.

Described here is a simple polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for detecting rearrangements involving the bcl-2 gene. Rearrangements in bcl-2 are characteristic of follicular B-cell lymphoma (present in 80% of cases) and can occur in other malignancies (refs. 1–5; see review of bcl-2 in ref. ...

The study of human disease processes is an evolving field that is closely Intertwined with the development of technology. The advent of the polymerase cham reaction (PCR) allows investigators new opportunities for genetic analysis of pathological processes DNA and RNA analysis of small ...

p53 1s a nuclear phosphoprotem whose function is classified as a tumor suppressor (1) Mutattons in the p53 gene are currently regarded as the most common genetic alteration in human cancer (2), including breast cancer (reviewed in ref. 3). Most of these are point mutations within highly conserved r ...

Highly specrtic chromosomal translocations are found in several primitive sarcomas (1–3). Biologically, the breakpoints of these translocations involve various putative or confirmed transcription factor genes, some of which appear to participate in normal mesenchymal de ...

The t(14;18) (q32;21) chromosomal translocation is characteristic of follicle center cell lymphomas, involving 95% of cases (1,2). In addition, it has been found in a variety of other malignant lymphomas, including 20% of all diffuse B-cell lymphomas (3), diffuse small cleaved-cell lymphom ...

The human ras genes (H-, K-, and N-rus) are members of a superfamily of low-mol-wt GTP-binding proteins that function as G proteins in signal transduction pathways controlling cell proliferation and differentiation (1,2). Ras genes acquire oncogenic potential primarily as a result of point, ...

As cancer treatment options broaden, there is a corresponding increase m the need for Improved methods of detecting various stages and forms of the disease. Only through the use of highly sensitive and discriminating dtagnostic tests can a rational and Informed decision be made from among the c ...

The current status of the evaluation of many neoplasias (e.g., carcinoma of the prostate), relies on analysis of tumor stage and/or grade to predict the outcome of disease. Recent developments in screening practices with circulating markers, such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA), has led ...

Emerging evidence suggests that malignant tumors are composed of a small subset of distinct cancer cells, termed “cancer stem cells” (typically less than 5% of total cancer cells based on cell surface marker expression), which have great proliferative potential, as well as more differenti ...

The cancer stem cell hypothesis states that within a tumor only a subset of cells, the “cancer stem cells” (CSC), are capable of initiating and propagating the disease. In various cancers such cells have been identified and prospectively isolated based on the presence of specific cell surface an ...

The identification of a subpopulation of brain tumor cells with potent tumorigenic capacity strengthens the cancer stem cell hypothesis of the origin of the tumors that has recently attracted the attention of many researchers. Reports have been published on the identification of tumor ...

In normal adult tissues, paracrine signals that derive from the stem cell niche, or microenvironment, play an important role in regulating the critical balance between activity and quiescence of stem cells. Similarly, evidence has emerged to support the hypothesis that signals derived ...

Aberrant DNA methylation is one of the major characteristics of tumor cells in addition to genetic and other epigenetic alterations. Evidence shows that both regional hypermethylation and global hypomethylation can occur in cancer cells. Increased DNA methylation can be found at sel ...

Accumulating evidence suggests that only a fraction of neoplastic cells, defined as cancer stem cells (CSC), are responsible for tumor perpetuation. Recent data suggest that neurospheres (NS) from glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are enriched in CSC. The characterization of this subp ...