细胞技术

Apoptosis is a series of controlled sequential events resulting in cell death. This complements proliferation in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. The process is regulated to give a “shrinking cell” with a charactertstic appearance. Apoptotic cells undergo compaction of nucl ...

In situ hybridization (ISH) has become a powerful and versatile method for the detection and localization of nucleic acid sequences within cells or tissue preparations. The technique provides a high degree of spatial information; specific DNA or RNA sequences can be located within a small s ...

Cytogenetic changes are important in understanding the pathogenesis of disease. Karyotypic analysis is particularly useful when investigatmg conditions such as human malignancies, where aneuploidy and structural chromosome rearrangements are commonly found, as in the h ...

Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) is a rapid and convenient procedure by which differences in the base composition of short DNA strands may be detected (1, 2). A useful application of this is in the comparison of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) generated products from gene codi ...

Mutations of the Wilms’ tumor (WT1) gene have been shown to underlie a proportion of cases of Wilms’ tumor, an embryonal kidney cancer occurring mainly in childhood. The WTl gene comprtses ten exons spanning approx 50 kb of genomrc DNA. The messenger RNA is approx 3 kb in length and encodes a zinc finger prote ...

Mutations in the retinoblastoma gene (RBl) predispose to the formation of ocular tumors. Following the cloning of RBI in 1986 (1), polymorphic restriction enzyme sites within RBl were used to “track” the mutant gene within affected families using linkage analysis (2, 3). This approach, howev ...

It is important to be able to assess the contribution of donor cells to the graft followmg bone marrow transplantation (BMT), as complete engraftment of marrow progenitors that can give rise to long term donor derived hemopoiesis may be important in long-term disease-free survival. The contr ...

The 5q-chromosome is found in a spectrum of malignant myeloid disorders (1). The 5q deletion is the most commonly reported deletion in the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and is found in 10–l5% of patients (1). The 5q-chromosome occurs as a sole karyotypic abnormality in the distinct myelodysp ...

The diagnosis and classification of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) has traditionally been made based on morphologic and mununophenotypic criteria. Unfortunately, because of the diverse nature of this group of diseases, rehante solely on these criteria has frequently resulted in mi ...

The t(14;18) (q21;q32) translocation was originally identified as occurring in follicular low-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas of B-cell origin in 1978 (1), and has been found in up to 85% of cases subsequently (2–4). The translocation appears to arise at the pre-B-cell stage in the bone marrow when VDJ ...

Chromosome rearrangements of chromosome 11 at band 1 1q23 are detected in a high proportion of infant leukemias (

Perhaps more than any other tumor marker associated with hematological neoplasia, the PMLIRAR-α hybrid gene has been shown to be important in the chinical practice. This aberration is absolutely APL-specific, being found in virtually 100% of cases and in no other tumors. Secondly, it identif ...

In this chapter, we will lay out the basics of experimental design: how to organize a study and determine sample size, what data to use, how to set up the database for analysis, what statistics are necessary for the analysis of the study, and what statistical packages are available to analyze the study. These ...

Clinical tests provide information that can be used by statistical methods to make patient outcome predictions. Outcomes are risk of disease, existence of disease, and prognosis. In this chapter we define and describe predictive factors and clinical prediction and explain how combini ...

Bladder cancer attacked approx 50,500 Americans in 1995 and killed about 11,200 (1). Bladder cancer appears to develop along two mam tracks: a deeply mvasive, high-grade form that rapidly becomes life-threatening, and a much less dangerous low-grade form (2–5). Although low-grade tumors are u ...

Archival paraffin blocks frequently are studied to evaluate the expression of biomarkers in tumors and disease states. The identification of biomarkers is becoming increasingly important to identify and characterize early preinvasive neoplastic lesions (1–3), and to correla ...

How different the practice of oncology would become if physicians could predict which of their patients will develop cancer, and, if the disease does occur, then determine who might remain disease-free. Programs stressing prevention, early detection, and prompt treatment could be armed ...

Many fundamental questions of biology reduce to a common technical problem, how to assess the phenotype of cells in relation to other cells or in relation to morphology. Traditionally, this problem has been approached by classical biochemical analysis, in which heterogeneous tissue is di ...

Several nuclear and membrane proteins are emerging as important markers of breast-cancer behavior. There is increasing evidence that these markers have potential therapeutic as well as prognostic value in the care of breast-cancer patients.

It has been known for some time that steroid and thyroid hormones can regulate cell proliferation (1,2) by stimulating cell division, as in the case of the thyroid hormone; by preventing proliferation, as in the case of the glucocorticoid hormone; or by inducing differentiation, as in the case of ret ...