细胞技术

Genomic changes are a frequent underlying event in many malignancies, including ovarian cancers, and are intrinsic to the process of oncogenesis and tumor progression. Identification of recurrent nonrandom changes that affect specific genomic regions may provide prognostic i ...

Microsatellites are simple, tandemly repeated DNA sequences that are abundantly distributed throughout the human genome, and because of their polymorphic nature have been widely utilized as genetic markers (1). They consist of a repeating unit of 1 to 5 basepairs, averaging 25 to 60 bases in l ...

The loss of the function in any one of four human DNA mismatch repair genes, hMSH2, hMLH1, hPMS1, and hPMS2, is thought to lead to deficient mismatch repair (MMR) of DNA in the somatic cells leading to increased mutations and thereby cancer development. Microsatellite instability (MI) detected by PCR ...

This section deals with techniques of mRNA analysis, both qualitative and quantitative. The technical details for the techniques described in this section are included in the chapters themselves. In this overview, some of the fundamentals that researchers need to understand in approa ...

The association of c-erbB-2 oncogene amplification and prognostic factors was intensively studied in human gynecological carcinomas, especially in mammary carcinoma (1). Positive lymph nodes, estrogen and progesterone receptor negative tumors, and short survival time cor ...

Immunohistochemical techniques and molecular hybridization enable demonstration of specific proteins and DNA or RNA sequences, respectively. In situ hybridization is a variant of molecular hybridization that allows detection of specific DNA or RNA sequences in tissue secti ...

RNase protection assays provide a level of sensitivity some 20-50-fold greater than Northern blots, and can be used to accurately identify and quantify different mRNA species within gene families even when a high degree of sequence homology exists. Sequence homology between TGFβ1, TGFβ2, ...

In situ polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a recently developed technique whereby DNA (or cDNA) is enzymically amplified within cells or tissue sections, enabling the localization of specific low copy number sequences within a heterogeneous cell population. In situ reverse transcri ...

Heat shock protein 60 (HSP60, HSPD1) is a “chaperonin” that facilitates folding of nascent proteins into proper conformations (1). It is thought to play a critical role in the assembly, folding, and transport of proteins in the mitochondria. HSP60 also interacts with nascent cellular proteins ...

Two hypothetical concepts are discussed as means to cure cancer: 1) extinction of the neoplastic cell pool which forms the tumor and 2) induction of terminal differentiation to park tumor cells in growth arrest (1). Sodium butyrate (NaB) has been shown to promote differentiation of HL-60 cells to m ...

In common with other tumor types, ovarian cancer is a genetic disease and work at the DNA or RNA level is crucial to gain an understanding of the genetic changes leading to tumor formation. Phenotypic change, however, is the result of loss or aberrant expression of normal protein or expression of a mutated ...

Malignant tumors have been known for many years to release proteins or polypeptides into the circulation (for review, see ref. 1). Some of these molecules have biological activity, resulting in endocrinologic manifestations of malignancy referred to as paraneoplastic syndromes. In c ...

Highly electrophilic functional groups of exogenous and endogenous chemicals represent a significant threat to the structural integrity of DNA because of their propensity to react with nucleophilic sites on DNA bases. The accumulation of electrophile-mediated DNA lesions in ce ...

Our laboratory has discovered that blood sera of healthy men and women contain low levels of anti-HMdU (Shydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, an oxidized thymidine) autoantibodies (aAbs) (1,2) However, patients with chronic inflammatory diseases exhibit elevated anti-HMdU aAb ti ...

Knowledge of the actual active substances that act to initiate or modulate carcinogenests in humans is limited. The past two decades have been dedicated to the discovery of environmental factors including constituents of our diet that may be carcinogenic or modulators of carcinogenic p ...

The 65-kDa oncofetal protein (p65), a novel tumor marker (1–7), is highly conserved m different species (2,4). We have identified the p65 gene as a novel member of the family of genes that encode receptors for steroid hormones, vitamin D, retmoic acid and thyroid hormone (7). The p65 protein is highly homol ...

d-Glucaric acid (GA) 1s a natural, apparently nontoxic compound produced in small amounts by mammals, including humans (1) and by some plants. Specifically, GA or Its derlvatlves have been found in the latex of a succulent plant (2); mung bean seedlmgs (3); seedlings and needles of gymnosperms (4), la ...

Nonrandom chromosome abnormalities frequently are seen in particular subtypes of human leukemia and lymphoma. These abnormalities are considered to be involved in the neoplastic transformation and in tumor progression. The translocation (8;21) (q22;q22) is consistently ass ...

The presence of a novel, minute chromosome m the cells of patients with chrome myeloid leukemia (CML) was first described m 1960 by Nowell and Hungerford (1). The Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome, as it became known, was shown subsequently by banding techniques to result from a recrprocal transloca ...

The study of submicroscopic or minimal residual disease (MRD) in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia may eventually lead to stratification of therapy on an individual patient basis (reviewed in ref. 1). PCR of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) and T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrang ...