细胞技术

The t(15;17) is the diagnostic hallmark of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). As a result, the RARA and the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) genes are fused. The use of reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of the PML-RARA and RARA-PML fusion genes is the only t ...

Assessing the level of residual disease in leukemia is vital for evaluating patients’ response to treatment and for identifying those at high risk of relapse. This should enable early preemptive intervention to prevent the onset of hematological relapse in those patients. One of the most co ...

The last 15 yr have produced dramatic improvements in the survival rate of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). These improvements have been due mainly to the introduction of targeted therapies and improved methods for diagnosing and monitoring this disease. The underly ...

Ovarian cancer represents the fifth most significant cause of cancer-related death for women and is the most frequent cause of death from gynecological neoplasia in the Western world. The incidence of ovarian cancer in the United Kingdom (U.K.) is over 5000 new cases every year, accounting for 42 ...

Ovarian cancer is the most common fatal cancer of the female reproductive tract in industrialized countries. At the time of writing, it is the fourth most common cause of cancer death in women in the U.K., after breast, lung, and colorectal cancer, with a lifetime risk of approximately 2% (1). It tends to pres ...

Differential display is a powerful way to identify alterations in gene expressron that can be contrasted by different states or treatments in side-by-side comparisons (1). An inherent strength of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based differential-display approach is that only a ...

Evidence that steroid hormones can play an important role in gynecological malignancies has been provided since 1896, when Sir George Beatson reported remissions in two patients with breast cancer after bilateral oophorectomy. All steroid hormones act on their target cells by binding ...

The IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1-R) belongs to the tyrosine kinase growth factor receptor family. It is structurally similar to, but distinct from, the insulin receptor, with which it shares a 70% homology. As expected, it crossreacts with insulin and, vice versa, insulin receptor crossreacts with IGF ...

Flow cytometry (FCM) is a sophisticated technique for rapid simultaneous analysis of multiple cellular parameters. The technique is based on the interception of a hydrodynamically focused stream of single cells in suspension by an excitation light beam at high speed. As a result, each cell p ...

Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) are a family of structurally and functionally related endopeptidases. They have in common a zinc ion at the active site and are released as an inactive proform (zymogen). Proteolytic activation enables MMPs to degrade components of the extracellular mat ...

Western blotting is utilized to detect and quantify the amount of a specific protein in a complex mixture of proteins and at the same time to determine its molecular weight. In particular, by Western blotting it is also possible to detect and discriminate the two isoforms of nm23, H1, and H2 (1, 2). nm23-H1 is ab ...

Radioimmunohistochemistry was developed for quantitation of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) and the c-erbB-2 protein and applied in breast tumors. With appropriate preliminary development, the method can be extended to other antigens and tissues. Radioimmunohist ...

Several assays exist to determine receptor status in ovarian cancers, like radio ligand binding assays, biochemical analysis, and even Northern blotting. However, patholo- gists generally prefer to judge the presence of biological markers in the context of tissue architecture, usi ...

Immunohistochemistry is the study of the intracellular distribution of antigens based on the formation of an immune complex. The concept is based on the application of a specific antibody to the antigen to be detected and visualization of the antigen-antibody reaction with a staining proc ...

Delineation of downstream signal transduction pathways is important for determining which intracellular signals contribute to the malignant phenotype of cancer cells. In this review, we discuss current methodologies used to study cell signaling. A number of factors that may infl ...

In cytokine receptors, there is no consensus sequence motif for tyrosine and/or serine/threonine kinases in its intracellular domain (1). Cytokine receptors associate with and activate members of the Janus kinase family (JAK), which is phosphorylated following ligand binding (2). T ...

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr) is a 170-kDa glycosylated transmembrane protein found in a wide variety of tissues (1). It is the receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor α (TGFα), and other related growth factor peptides (2,3). In 1980, EGF binding acti ...

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (ErbB) family of receptor tyrosine kinases is frequently overexpressed in ovarian cancer (1) . This receptor group is comprised of four members, EGFR (ErbB-1), HER2 (ErbB-2), HER3 (ErbB-3), and HER4 (ErbB-4). These receptors share a common molecular ...

An important convergence point involved in the signal transduction pathways of many different growth factors, hormones, and cytokines are the p42 and p44 serine/ threonine kinases called either MAP kinases (mitogen-activate protein kinases) or ERK 1 and ERK 2 (extracellular regulat ...

Phosphoinositides constitute less than 0.1% of total cellular lipids, yet accumulating evidence suggests that phosphoinositide has functions in cellular growth and proliferation in addition to a role as a second messenger precursor (1,2). Phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) kina ...