细胞技术

The high binding specificity and affinity of antibody molecules is a biological wonder. Because of these properties they have been used as prophylactic, diagnostic, and analytical reagents for almost a century now. Their use as “magic bullets” for targeted therapy was conceived by Ehrlich ...

Ovarian cancer remains a major health problem in the United States and most Western European countries. Despite the availability of several effective chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of ovarian cancer, survival is still poor. Major problems in ovarian cancer chemotherap ...

Specificity in the immune system is dictated and regulated by specific recognition of peptide/major histocompatibility complex (MHC) complexes by the T cell receptor. Such peptide/MHC complexes are a desirable target for novel approaches in immunotherapy because of their highly r ...

The rapid progress in understanding the molecular biology of cancer cells has made a large impact on the design and development of novel therapeutic strategies.

Cell targeting agents such as antibodies, antibody fragments (sFvs), or growth factors have been conjugated or genetically fused to a variety of plant and bacterial toxins. These targeted therapeutics, termed “immunotoxins,” have been evaluated for their clinical efficacy in the tre ...

Natural killer (NK) cells represent a potent subset of lymphocytes for targeting and lysing tumor cells. In contrast to T lymphocytes, they do not need to be preactivated in vitro because they constitutively express cytolytic functions against a number of different targets (1,2). Their inhe ...

Bispecific antibodies (BsAb) provide an effective means of retargeting cytotoxic effector cells against tumor cells (1). They have mainly been produced using murine hybrid hybridomas (2) or by chemical crosslinking (3,4). However, the immunogenicity of BsAb derived from rodent mono ...

Single chain recombinant antibody fragments can multimerise to provide high binding avidity and unique specificity for target antigens and can be used to replace the parent antibody or Fab derivatives (1). A unique advantage in using bacterial expression systems is the high yield and low co ...

Engineering of antibodies specific for tumor-associated antigens provides great flexibility in improving their properties for eventual use in the clinic, for the detection of cancer, or as a therapeutic. In some instances, murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) have been identified w ...

Cellular immunotherapy has attracted increasing interest in genetic modification of immunologically competent cells in order to activate the effector cell after binding to predefined antigen. The chimeric immune-receptor strategy utilizes recombinant receptor molec ...

A large number of new biological drugs in clinical development from the biotechnology industry are based on recombinant antibodies. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently approved several of these drugs including reagents against cancer (1,2), transplant rejection (3), ...

Cellular stress proteins like the classical heat-shock proteins (HSPs) hsp70 (1–3), hsp90 (3) and hsp110 (4); the glucose-regulated proteins gp96/GRP94 (3,5) and grp170 (4); as well as the endoplasmic chaperone calreticulin (6,7) have been shown to induce cytotoxic T-cell responses and pro ...

A growing number of recombinant antibodies is being developed for immunotherapy of cancer (1,2) (see also Chapter 2). Although these recombinant antibodies can exhibit a potent anti-tumoral activity in vitro, efficacy in vivo is often limited by the short serum half-life of these molecules. ...

Clinical use of antibodies or antibody fragments is dependent on highly effective production systems. Antibody fragments like single-chain Fv or Fab have been successfully expressed in microorganisms for more than a decade, and the most commonly used host has been Escherichia coli. The e ...

Many recombinant proteins, particularly proteins with diagnostic and therapeutic potential such as antibodies, lymphokines, receptors, enzymes, and enzyme-inhibitors, are being produced from transformed host cells containing recombinant DNA. The host cells are transfo ...

Fundamental changes in plant molecular biology have taken place during the past decade. Together with the enormous advances made in recombinant DNA technology, protein engineering, plant transformation and tissue culture, plant molecular biology is giving rise to an agricultural ...

Tumor-specific markers are important in identifying and tracking malignant cells. In this regard, functionally rearranged immunoglobulin variable (V) region genes in B-cell tumors fulfill and extend these criteria. V genes provide signature motifs in tumor cells and can delineate ...

Southern blotting is a method whereby DNA fragments in the gel are denatured by soaking in an alkali solution, carried out of the gel, and transferred onto a membrane. After drying the membrane, the DNA is fixed irreversibly. The net result is a replica on the membrane of the DNA fragment pattern from the aga ...

The simplest guide to cell proliferation that can be obtained by the use of flow cytometry is the S-phase fraction (SPF) calculated from DNA histograms. Measurement of such histograms was one of the earliest applications of flow cytometry, being first reported in the late 1960s. SPF is the fraction ...

The goal of Western blotting, or more correctly, immunoblotting, is to identify with a specific antibody a particular antigen within a complex mixture of proteins that has been fractionated in a polyacrylamide gel and immobilized onto a membrane. Immunoblotting can be used to determine a num ...