细胞技术

Gene expression analysis provides an insight into the unique and defining biomolecular characteristics of a given cell type. However, heterogeneous cellular compositions hinder gene analysis studies from most tissue samples. The laser microdissection (LMD) technique allows ...

Described are four widely used procedures to analyze the cell cycle by flow cytometry. The first two are based on univariate analysis of cellular DNA content following cell staining with either propidium iodide (PI) or 4′,6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and deconvolution of the cell ...

The invasion and metastasis of tumor cells has been shown to require proteolytic activity in order to degrade components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The hydrolysis of the ECM appears to facilitate tumor cell migration contributing to the metastatic dissemination of malignant ce ...

Baker’s yeast or Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the most intensely studied eukaryotic microorganism for very good reasons. Many fundamental processes such as cell cycle control and DNA repair show evolutionary conservation from yeast to human, thus making studies in yeast highly rele ...

The immune system is capable of recognizing and rejecting autologous tumor cells. This is suggested by reported cases of spontaneous remission of various cancers (1) and the presence of infiltrating leukocytes, the majority of which consist of T cells. However, the very existence of cancer a ...

Interference with the innate apoptotic activity is a hallmark of neoplastic transformation and tumor formation. Modulation of the apoptotic cascade has been proposed as a new approach for the treatment of cancer. In this chapter, we discuss the role of apoptosis in ovarian cancer and the use of p ...

Most authors currently quantify the frequency of apoptotic cells in a given phenotypically defined population after calculating the apoptotic index (AI), that is, the percentage of apoptotic cells displaying a specific lineage antigen (LAg) within a population of cells that remain un ...

A number of methods have been developed to identify the cells that undergo apoptosis by analyzing the morphological, biochemical, and molecular changes that take place during this universal biological process. The best recognized biochemical hallmark of both early and late stages of a ...

Tumors are heterogeneous structures that contain different cell populations. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) can be used to obtain pure cancer cells from fresh-frozen cancer tissue and the surrounded environment, thus providing an accurate snapshot of the tumor and its microe ...

Apoptosis (programmed cell death) is an active process that plays a critical role in multiple biologic processes from embryologic development, to lymphocyte development and selection, and homeostasis. The two major mechanisms of cell death are referred to as the intrinsic and extrins ...

The ChemoFx� Assay is an ex vivo assay designed to predict the sensitivity and resistance of a given patient’s solid tumor to a variety of chemotherapy agents. A portion of a patient’s solid tumor, as small as a core biopsy, is mechanically disaggregated and established in primary culture where malig ...

The immediate assessment of response to therapy is most beneficial to ovarian cancer patients. This study shows the correlation of drug-induced caspase activation determined by western blot analysis and by Caspase-Glo™ assay. Our findings demonstrate that the use of the Caspase-Glo™ a ...

Apoptotic markers include proteins from the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. These cascades include both pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic elements. The expression levels of these elements can be assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and can indicate general trends in pro- ve ...

Since the discovery of the key role of cytochrome C in the activation of caspase 9, intense interest has focused on the role of mitochondria in apoptosis/programmed cell death. Mitochondria undergo two major alterations during apoptosis. The first is the permeabilization of the outer mitoc ...

The potential of antibodies as magic bullets for targeting therapeutic drugs or imaging agents has been well-documented and is now an emerging area of molecular medicine. Because antibodies act first by binding to their specific antigens it is easy to envisage that the specific activity of an ...

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) have broad therapeutic applications in cancer therapy, prevention and treatment of viral infection, immune suppression, etc. However, many well-characterized MAbs are derived from murine sources, and these antibodies have been shown to induce stro ...

Antibodies have been used extensively for diagnostic applications for decades. Antibodies also can be used to target specific cells or specific molecules to produce agonist, antagonist, or neutralizing activity. Antibody therapies have been applied successfully in the treatme ...

Human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are more suitable than MAbs of animal origin for clinical applications because of lower hypersensitivity reactions, less formation of circulating immune complexes, and lower anti-immunoglobulin responses. The classical production of hu ...

The interaction between antigens and antibodies can be viewed as a protein engineering system that was optimized by nature and is capable of recognizing any given molecular entity (antigen). Antigen recognition is conferred to the antibody by a limited number of hypervariable surface lo ...

Antibody libraries expressed on the surface of filamentous phage are proven to be a valuable tool in isolating antibodies specific for a wide variety of antigens (for review, see ref. 1). As it is assumed that the probability of isolating high affinity binders is related to the initial library size (2), ...