细胞技术

It is well recognized that malignant cells from acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALLs) generally yield less satisfactory metaphases for analysis than cells from other diseases when standard laboratory processes are applied, in spite of the fact that karyotypically normal cells from ...

Cytogenetic analysis is an important aid in the classification of hematological disorders. Most types of leukemia display either numerical chromosomal abnormalities or structural rearrangements, mainly translocations. Nonrandom chromosomal abnormalities, which a ...

Unlike the situation in acute myeloid leukemia, in which there are at least eight morphological French-American-British (FAB) subtypes identified by the predominant cell cytology, in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), there are only three (1). Furthermore, for most practical purp ...

Malignant myeloid disorders have broadly similar responses to cytogenetic techniques and many have similar chromosome abnormalities. Included are diseases that are frankly malignant, such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and some that may be regarded as premalignant, such as the my ...

Chromosomes are prepared from dividing cells (mitoses), as at metaphase, just before division, they shorten and become recognizable, discrete units. The cells are arrested and accumulated in metaphase or prometaphase by destroying (e.g., with colcemid) the mitotic spindle which would ...

The techniques for obtaining chromosomes from phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated lymphocytes for constitutional studies have been standardized to give consistent, reproducible results in almost all cases. It is therefore possible to refine and define a protocol that can be c ...

Cancer registries provide systematically collected information on cancer incidence, prevalence, mortality, and survival of different cancers. Aggregated and de-identified patient-level information on cancer is available for analysis from individual cancer registr ...

It is only since the 1950s that most of the epidemiology studies on cancer have been conducted. The principal study designs for epidemiologic study of cancer etiology are case-control and cohort studies. These study designs have complimentary roles and distinct advantages and disadvan ...

Profiling of differentially expressed proteins is perhaps the most important and useful approach in developing tools for risk assessment in a population, diagnostic screening, and therapeutics. Proteomic markers have potential for identifying individuals at high risk of deve ...

Anthrax toxin is a three-part toxin secreted by Bacillus anthracis, consisting of protective antigen (PrAg), edema factor (EF), and lethal factor (LF). To intoxicate host mammalian cells, PrAg, the cell-binding moiety of the toxin, binds to cells and is then proteolytically activated by furin ...

Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) using radiolabeled antibodies or its fragments holds great promise for cancer therapy. However, its clinical potential is often limited by the undesirable radiation exposure to normal organs such as liver, kidney, and bone marrow. It is important to develop new ...

Much progress has been made in understanding how matrix remodeling proteases, including metalloproteinases, serine proteases, and cysteine cathepsins, functionally contribute to cancer development. In addition to modulating extracellular matrix metabolism, protea ...

Proteolytic enzymes play an essential role in many biological and pathological processes. Taking advantage of the recent availability of several mammalian genome sequences and by using a set of computational approaches, we have annotated and compared the degradome or complete repe ...

The interplay between a protease and its substrates is controlled at many different levels, including coexpression, colocalization, binding driven by ancillary contacts, and the presence of natural inhibitors. Here we focus on the most basic parameter that guides substrate recogn ...

All proteases and peptidases are to some extent sequence-specific, in that one or more residues are preferred at particular positions surrounding the cleavage site in substrates. I describe here a general protocol for determining protease cleavage site preferences using mixture-b ...

Determining the preferred substrate cleavage sequence of proteases is an important step toward understanding their roles in cancer development and progression. Knowledge of this sequence can aid in the design of new experimental tools for study as well as aid in the identification of end ...

Expression of a given protease and of the endogenous inhibitors that regulate protease activity can be readily determined at the transcript level by using whole genome microarray chips. In the case of proteases and protease inhibitors, however, determining which cells are expressing t ...

The scarcity of methods to visualize the activity of individual cell surface proteases in situ has hampered basic research and drug development efforts. In this chapter, we describe a simple, sensitive, and noninvasive assay that uses nontoxic reengineered bacterial cytotoxins with a ...

Proteolysis is one of the most important post-translational modifications of the proteome with every protein undergoing proteolysis during its synthesis and maturation and then upon inactivation and degradation. Extracellular proteolysis can either activate or inactiva ...

The exuberant expression of proteinases by tumor cells has long been associated with the breakdown of the extracellular matrix, tumor invasion, and metastasis to distant organs. There are both epidemiological and experimental data that support a causative role for proteinases of the m ...