细胞技术

An immunological subtraction approach, surface-epitope masking (SEM), is described that permits the efficient and selective production of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) reacting with both known and unknown molecules expressed on the cell surface. The tenet underlying SEM invol ...

In this chapter, we present an approach using genomic and ribonomic profiling to investigate functional gene programs in a tumor growth model. To reach this goal, ribonomic profiling was combined with RNA interference in a tumor dormancy model. Strategies merging functional genomic tec ...

An important step in the analysis of protein function is identification of the interaction partners of each protein. The two-hybrid system has been widely used to identify and explore protein-protein interactions. By using various two-hybrid systems, numerous protein interactions ...

Phage display is a molecular technique, whereby genes are displayed in a functional form on the outer surfaces of bacteriophages by fusion to viral coat proteins. The gene product is encoded by a plasmid contained within the virus, which can be recovered and sequenced, linking the genetic inform ...

Identification of patterns of DNA methylation in higher order eukaryotes has become necessary through recognition that disease processes such as cancer can result from abnormal methylation patterns. Abnormal DNA methylation affecting the promoter region of genes can halt their ...

Cancer cells exhibit nonrandom and complex chromosome abnormalities. The role of genomic changes in cancer is well established. However, the identification of complex and cryptic chromosomal changes is beyond the resolution of conventional banding methods. The fluorescence mi ...

Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) provide a well-characterized resource for studying the organization and activity of entire genes, replicons, and other large genomic loci. Protocols and parameters that influence the efficient transfection of these large DNA molecul ...

Differential display is an effective expression profiling tool which was first introduced in 1992. The original technique is discussed along with modifications that have been described over the last several years. A highly reproducible, semihigh-throughput differential disp ...

In 1995, serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) was developed as a versatile tool for gene expression studies. SAGE technology does not require pre-existing knowledge of the genome that is being examined and therefore SAGE can be applied to many different model systems. In this chapter, the SA ...

Gene expression profiling is a powerful tool to analyze the complexity of cancer biology. Recent methods allow the generation of gene expression profiles for all known genes in the human genome. The genome-wide analysis of the gene expression patterns of neoplastic and normal cells provid ...

Squamous cell carcinomas and several other cancers have been found to exhibit microarray expression profiles that include genes related to nuclear factor (NF)-κB, a signal activated transcription factor that is evolutionarily important in regulating early response gene progr ...

Decades of hypothesis-driven research have identified candidate targets for cancer therapy and chemoprevention. Recently, genomic, proteomic, and tissue-based microarray approaches have made possible another scientific approach. This is one that interrogates compre ...

The use of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) for controlled drug delivery has shown significant therapeutic potential. Concurrently, targeted delivery technologies are becoming increasingly important as a scientific area of investigation. In cancer, target ...

In recent years, fluorescent silica nanoparticles (FSNPs) received immense interest in cancer imaging. FSNPs are a new class of engineered optical probes consisting of silica NPs loaded with fluorescent dye molecules. These probes exhibit some attractive features, such as photost ...

This chapter describes the methodology by which mAb-F19-conjugated gold nanoparticles were prepared and used to label human pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Specifically, gold nanoparticles were coated with dithiol bearing hetero-bifunctional PEG (polyethylene glycol), a ...

Pancreatic cancer is generally detected at later stages with a poor prognosis and a high-mortality rate. Development of theranostic imaging agents that noninvasively target pancreatic cancer by gene expression and deliver therapies directly to malignant cells could greatly imp ...

During nanoparticle system in drug delivery, liposomes were perhaps the best characterized and one of the first to be developed. Stealth liposomes (SLs), containing polyethylene glycol-conjugated lipid, which can form a hydro-layer around liposomes bilayer, have a long circulation ...

In this chapter, we outline the protocols for PEGylation of some drug carriers, such as dendrimer, polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, for systemic delivery. PEGylation simply refers to the modification of particle surface by covalently grafting, entrapping, or adsorbing PEG chai ...

Aptamers are DNA or RNA oligonucleotide sequences that selectively bind to their target with high affinity and specificity. They are obtained using an iterative selection protocol called SELEX. Several small molecules and proteins have been used as targets. Recently, a variant of this me ...

Nanoparticulate medicines offer the advantage of allowing delivery of large quantities of unmodified drug within the same particle. Nanoparticle uptake by cancer cells can, however, be compromised due to the large size and hydrophilicity of the particle. To circumvent cell penetrat ...