细胞技术

Differential display is a reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique that was introduced in 1992 by Liang and Pardee (1). In this technique, messenger RNA 3′ termini are amplified using an anchored oligo-dT primer and a series of arbitrary 13-mers; a single round of cD ...

Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) is a sequence-based approach that enables the comprehensive and quantitative analysis of gene expression within any cell type or tissue (1). The method is based on three main principles. First is the generation of a single 10-bp ‘tag’ sequence that cont ...

Alterations leading to inactivation of tumor suppressor genes are often associated with reduced levels of tumor suppressor gene expression. Specific tumors or cell lines may exhibit deletion of one or both gene copies, promoter methylation, splice-site mutations, nonsense mutat ...

Cell division is tightly controlled by both positive and negative growth factors. Disruption of this balance leads to the onset of neoplasm (1). For example, a group of proteins, mostly encoded by oncogenes, act as positive factors to promote cell growth and proliferation. Tumor suppressor ge ...

The subject of the present chapter is the genetic suppressor element (GSE) methodology, a functional genomics platform for identifying and characterizing genes involved in different cellular phenotypes, and the applications of this methodology to the study of tumor suppressor ge ...

Apoptosis has become a subject that draws tremendous attention and research efforts in the cancer field, since it has a major impact on tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. At various stages during the course of tumor development, cells are subjected to stressful conditions that ...

The technique of representational difference analysis (RDA) allows the selective amplification of DNA fragments that differ greatly in abundance between two samples. The method was originally developed by Lisitsyn and co-workers for detecting differences between complex ge ...

Loss of genetic material accumulates during tumor development as cancer cells select for the physical removal or functional inactivation of genes whose encoded proteins regulate normal cellular behavior. The hallmark indication for this type of gene, now termed a tumor suppressor ge ...

The involvement of tumor suppressor genes (TSG) in cancer initiation and progression is well documented in several tumor types such as colon (APC, p53) and breast (BrcA1, BrcA2) cancers. Loss of heterozygosity of distinct chromosomal regions, which are thought to harbor as yet unidentified ...

During the last part of the twentieth century, research on human cancer increasingly focused on the molecular basis of this disease. These studies have identified many facets of cellular transformation, including aberrant cell cycle regulation, inhibition of programmed cell death or ...

Wilms’ tumor of the kidney (WT) is the most common solid tumor of childhood, and it was first described in detail by Max Wilms’ in 1899. WT is a paradigm of childhood cancer, because it has served as a model from four distinct perspectives. First, it was one of three tumors used by Knudson in the early 1970s as a model for und ...

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a complex neurocutaneous disorder also referred to as a “phakomatosis,” a term derived from the Greek phakos, meaning lentil or birthmark. Patients with NF1 often suffer from multiple lesions of diverse type, including hyperplasias, hypoplasias, hama ...

Prostate cancer is the most common form of cancer diagnosed in men (other than skin cancer). In 1999, in the United States alone there were approximately 179,300 new cases and 37,000 deaths due to prostate cancer (1). In 1999, the prostate cancers diagnosed accounted for 29% of cancers in men and 14.7% of all ca ...

This review focuses on the role of the INK4a/ARF locus in human cancer. Several excellent related reviews have recently been published (1–5). Rather than presenting protocols, this review will describe the current state of the field. However, in keeping with the goals of these monographs, emph ...

Cell division is controlled by a group of positive and negative regulatory molecules that act at experimentally defined phases throughout the cell-division cycle. Perturbations in these critical phases contribute to tumor development by allowing uncontrolled cell prolifera ...

Kidney cancer affects approximately 30,000 individuals in the United States and is responsible for more than 12,000 deaths each year (1,2). It has been estimated that 3% of adult malignancies are kidney cancers (1). Like many cancers, such as breast and colon cancers, kidney cancer occurs in both spo ...

Both genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of human cancers. Yet for certain cancers, genetic factors act as critical contributors, while for other cancers, environmental factors seem to predominate in cancer causation. With the completion of the ...

In 1969 Li and Fraumeni (1,2) reported a systematic epidemiologic study of the incidence of cancers in relatives of children with rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). They noted five families of 648 probands in which a sib or cousin was also affected by sarcoma, and furthermore prospective studies of four of t ...

Lung cancer is the number-one cancer killer of both men and women in the United States, killing more than 150,000 people every year. Lung cancer consists of two broad groups: small-cell lung cancers (SCLC), which account for about 25% of bronchogenic carcinomas, and the remaining tumors, non-small ...

The Hedgehog signaling pathway plays a key role in directing growth and patterning during embryonic development and is required in vertebrates for the normal development of many structures, including the axial skeleton, neural tube, lungs, hair, and teeth. Recent evidence has implicat ...