Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a prototypic member of the fibroblast growth factor family. Cytokines in the FGF family possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities (Folkman & Klagsbrun; Kimelman & Kirschner) and are involved in a variety of biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis (Folkman & Klagsbrun; Klagsbrun; Rifkin & Moscatelli). bFGF has the β-trefoil structure (Ponting & Russell), binds to the four FGF receptor (FGFR) family members, and activates JAK/STAT, PI3K, ERK1/2, and other receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling pathways. It supports the maintenance of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells (Xu et al.; Kang et al.), stimulates human embryonic stem cells to form neural rosettes (Zhang et al.), and improves proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells and enhances chondrogenic differentiation (Solchaga et al.).
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