信号转导
R&D Systems提供一系列信号转导研究工具。这其中包括总的和磷酸化特异的抗体、基于微孔板的检测总蛋白和磷酸化蛋白水平的试剂盒，以及旨在同时测定多个蛋白磷酸化的激酶阵列。我们还提供研究酶或转录因子活性的分析，以及评估第二信使（包括cAMP、cGMP和一氧化氮）水平的试剂盒。
信号转导是细胞识别环境变化，并将信号转化成细胞活性和基因表达修饰的过程。这些过程通常从受体连接或压力开始，可能包含了一连串细胞内生化事件的级联，它们经过扩增和整合以实现预期的细胞反应。例如，激活的激酶可催化磷酸基团转移到目标蛋白的丝氨酸、苏氨酸或酪氨酸残基上，并调控蛋白活性、定位和蛋白之间的相互作用。反过来磷酸化修饰的活性可能又被磷酸酶所终止。信号转导级联可能涉及到非酶类的第二信使（cAMP或cGMP）、Ca2+和脂类。这些细胞内信号事件调控了几乎所有细胞活性。因此，关键是要有优质的工具，才能轻松研究信号转导中涉及的因子。
Signal Transduction
R&D Systems offers a range of signal transduction research tools. These include total and phospho-specific antibodies, microplate-based kits to detect the levels of total and phosphorylated proteins, and kinase arrays designed to measure the phosphorylation of multiple proteins simultaneously. Also available are assays to study enzyme or transcription factor activity, and kits to assess the levels of second messengers including cAMP, cGMP, and nitric oxide.
Signal transduction is the process by which a cell recognizes changes in its environment and transforms that signal into modifications in cellular activity and gene expression. These processes are often initiated through receptor ligation or stress, and may involve a cascading series of intracellular biochemical events that are amplified and integrated to achieve the desired cellular response. For instance, activated kinases can catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group to serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues on target proteins and regulate protein activity, localization, and protein-protein interactions. Activities modified by phosphorylation can in turn be terminated by the phosphatases. Signal transduction cascades may also involve non-enzymatic second messengers including cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP), Ca2+, and lipids. These intracellular signaling events regulate virtually all cellular activities. Therefore, it is critical to have quality tools that make it easy to study factors involved in signal transduction.